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- William the Silent was the leader of the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands; first politically from 1559-1568, then militarily from 1568-1584. He is considered one of the most significant figures in Dutch history, known as the Father of the Fatherland, including in European history of the 16th century.
William was a stadtholder for King Philip II of Spain who ruled the Low Countries after his father, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor resigned. Charles V instituted the Inquisition into the Low Countries to subdue the heresies of the Protestant Reformation , as Philip II carried on his policies but with much greater motivation and gravity. He first granted Cardinal Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle as head to the Inquisition and then gave the duty to Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba in 1567, whose oppressions resulted in the thousands of deaths and William's flight to his hometown of Dillenburg.
William developed an uprising, and returned in 1568, leading the Dutch Protestant forces against those of Catholic Spain until his assassination in 1584. The role of leader then went to his son, Maurice of Orange , followed by another son, Frederick Henry , who continued his father's vision until his death one year before the end of the Eighty Years' War and complete Dutch independence. Mark, Joshua J. “Men of the Protestant Reformation.” World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org#organization, 21 Feb. 2024, www.worldhistory.org/collection/206/men-of-the-protestant-reformation/. (en)
- Two central figures of the Reformation, Martin Luther and John Calvin, depicted on a church pulpit; both Luther and Calvin emphasized making preaching a centerpiece of worship. (en)
- The Protesting Speyer, part of the Luther Monument in Worms, Germany (en)
- Henry VIII of England, known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Catholic Church
Henry VIII was born in 1491, roughly six years after his father, Henry VII, became king. He was the third child and the second son produced by Elizabeth of York, Henry VII’s queen, since the start of their marriage in January, 1486. Henry VIII’s rule was to see the growth of the cult of personal kingship and the establishment of new organizations and strategies of government. Henry VIII was to create conspicuous repudiation of his father’s ways, and produced the judicial murder of his two most despised financial agents in an early propose for approval. On the other hand, he must have also been extremely knowledgable of his father’s successes, as a vital and triumphant claimer of the throne, who after fourteen years in exile generated a victorious invasion of England, and came to power and success as a well rounded and respected monarch, known for his powerful and thriving government. Henry VIII’s rule was to be loaded with examples of royal unsettlement, which a lot of times scaled to the level of paranoia, given that his nobles were loyal and demonstrated firm commitment to the royal service that was anticipated of them by contemporaries. Wooding, Lucy E. C. Henry VIII. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2015. Web. (en)
- Memorial Church, finished and consecrated 1904, in Speyer, Germany commemorates the Protestation. (en)
- End of the Reformation and Counterreformation (en)
- The Bible translated into vernacular by Martin Luther. In Protestantism, the Bible is the supreme authority of scripture. (en)
- Peak of the Reformation and beginning of the Counterreformation (en)
- Martin Bucer was a German reformer and theologian who was a Dominican friar and priest until his conversion to the Lutheranism in 1518. Bucer is most famous for his focus on unity among all Christians, and therefore, he never settled his own sect but influenced many instead.
Similar to other reformers, Bucer was attracted to the works of the humanist theologian and scholar Desiderius Erasmus before discovering Martin Luther speak in 1518. Erasmus' humanism persauded Bucer that Luther's beliefs were legit, even though Luther and Erasmus disagreed on many key issues. After departing from the Dominican order in 1521, Bucer preached the Lutheran faith and welcomed the new movement, marrying the former nun Elisabeth Silbereisen in 1522. Mark, Joshua J. “Men of the Protestant Reformation.” World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org#organization, 21 Feb. 2024, www.worldhistory.org/collection/206/men-of-the-protestant-reformation/. (en)
- St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of French Protestants, 1572 (en)
- Matanzas Inlet, Florida, where Protestant shipwreck survivors were executed by Menéndez "because they had built it there without Your Majesty's permission, and were disseminating the Lutheran religion" (en)
- The Edinburgh Missionary Conference is considered the symbolic starting point of the contemporary ecumenical movement. (en)
- The Marburg Colloquy was an early attempt at uniting Luther and Zwingli. It failed as both reformers and their delegations could not agree on the sacrament of the Eucharist. Similar discussions were held in 1586 during the Colloquy of Montbéliard and from 1661 to 1663 during the Syncretistic controversy. Anonymous woodcut, 1557. (en)
- John Knox, who led the Reformation in Scotland, founding Presbyterianism (en)
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